What do mosquito pupae use to breathe?

Mosquito pupae utilize specialized structures known as breathing "trumpets" for respiration. These are tubular extensions located on the dorsal side of the pupal abdomen that allow the pupae to access oxygen from the surface of the water while remaining submerged. This adaptation is crucial as it helps them breathe while they are in a largely aquatic environment, where they spend their pupal stage before emerging as adult mosquitoes.

The function of these breathing trumpets is vital for the pupae's survival, as they actively need oxygen to support their development during this stage. They are capable of emerging from the water's surface to take in air, which is important for their growth and eventual transformation into adult mosquitoes. The design of these structures is particularly efficient, allowing the pupae to remain semi-submerged with minimal exposure while still meeting their respiratory needs.